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Global Grade

Revision mode

6. EL MEDIO NATURAL DE OCEANÍA

La mayor parte de Oceanía está constituida por la isla de Australia. A ella se suman las islas de Nueva Zelanda, la mitad oriental de la isla de Nueva Guinea y diversos archipiélagos: Polinesia («muchas islas»), Melanesia («islas negras»), Micronesia («islas pequeñas») y las islas Hawai.

En Australia domina el relieve de la Gran Cordillera Divisoria (Kosciuszko, 2 228 m), que separa el litoral oriental del resto del territorio, terreno llano y arenoso, y donde destaca la mayor roca del mundo: Uluru o Ayers Rock. La Isla Sur de Nueva Zelanda posee fiordos y montañas. En las islas del Pacífico destacan los atolones, los arrecifes de coral (Gran Barrera de Arrecifes, frente a la costa oriental australiana) y los abundantes volcanes, como los de las islas Hawai. El único río importante es el Murray-Darling, en Australia, y el lago Eyre es el mayor del continente, aunque tiene muy poca profundidad.

Australia posee una gran diversidad climática: el interior es desértico; el suroeste posee un clima mediterráneo, mientras que en la franja oriental, de sur a norte, tienen clima oceánico, chino y tropical húmedo. En Nueva Guinea predomina el clima ecuatorial.

Gran Barrera de Arrecifes (Australia).

CLIMA	TEMPERATURAS	PRECIPITACIONES	VEGETACIÓN	FAUNA
Ecuatorial	TMA >20 ºC Escasa amplitud térmica	>1500 mm Todo el año	Selva, manglares	Lagarto, tortuga, equidna, loro
Tropical	TMA 20-25 ºC Escasa amplitud térmica	800-1500 mm Lluvias en verano	Bosque (eucalipto, acacia)	Cocodrilo, búfalo, canguro, ornitorrinco, aves
Chino	TMA 15-25 ºC Amplitud térmica media	800-1500 mm Lluvias en verano	Bosque claro y arbustos	Cocodrilo, canguro, zorro volador
Oceánico	TMA 5-15 ºC Escasa amplitud térmica	800-2000 mm Todo el año	Bosques (haya, roble) y praderas	Diablo de Tasmania, dingo, koala
Mediterráneo	TMA 10-20 ºC Amplitud térmica media	300-700 mm Sequía estival	Bosque y matorral (pino, encina)	Casuario, conejo, dingo
Desértico	Gran amplitud térmica	<100 mm	Arbustos espinosos y matorral	Dromedario, serpientes, aves

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6. El medio natural de Oceanía

6. EL MEDIO NATURAL DE OCEANÍA