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  • The representation of the Earth > Planet Earth and its representation
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          4. The representation of the Earth

          Talking book
          Did you know?
           

          In the 16th century, the cartographer Gerardus Mercator put an image of the mythological Titan Atlas on the cover of his books of maps. Atlas was condemned to hold the heavens on his shoulders. This is where the name of this type of book comes from.

          Cartography is the science of studying and making maps.

           

          The most difficult thing about making maps is how to represent the Earth's sphere on a flat surface. Map projections make this possible.

          4.1. Map projections

          Talking book
          A projection is the result of projecting a 3D image onto a flat surface.

           

          There are many types of map projections, but the main three are: cylindrical, conical and planar.

          7 concentric

          8 mapped

          Talking book

          4.2. Maps

          Talking book

          A map is the true representation of the whole or part of an area on a flat surface.

           

          Since the ancient past, people have used maps to represent the world. Often, these primitive maps represented what people knew about the world at the time, more than the geographic reality. Until Columbus discovered America in 1492, maps only represented the continents of the Old World: Europe, Africa and Asia.

          Nowadays there are many types of maps.

          • Topographic maps represent in detail the relief, cities, towns or villages, roads and railways and other features of an area.
          • Thematic maps show specific aspects of an area. For example, they can be political (with borders or administrative divisions), show infrastructures (with motorways or railway lines), show relief, climate or population.
          Weblink 5: Maps home page
          Video 5: Reading a map

          4.3. Street maps and plans

          Talking book
          Street maps represent smaller areas than other maps, such as cities or towns. Plans show us how the inside of buildings are organised.

           

          Street maps are used to show the location of monuments, museums, public buildings and bus or metro lines.

          Plans show us the interior organisation of buildings or facilities such as hospitals, museums and schools.

          4.4. The scale of maps and plans

          Talking book

          Maps and plans represent large areas on small surfaces, so we need to know the relation between real size and the size shown on the map.

          Scale is the ratio between the size of the area represented on the map and the real size of the area. It can be expressed numerically and graphically.
          • Numeric scale is expressed using a fraction in which the numerator is the unit of size on the map and the denominator shows the number of equivalent units in real size. A scale of 1:25 000, means that one unit, for example 1 cm, represents 25 000 centimetres in real size.
          • Graphic scale indicates the distances on a map using a straight line divided into equal parts, like a ruler.

          Depending on the ratio between the size on the map and the real size of the area, we use three kinds of scale: small, medium and large.

          • Large scale maps show a lot of detail because they represent small areas and their denominator is also small. They have a scale of up to 1:50 000 and are used to represent towns, cities, provinces or sections of rivers.
          • Small scale maps show few details because they represent large areas and their denominator is very large. They are used to represent the world, continents, large regions of the Earth or medium to large countries.
          SCALE RATIO PLACES REPRESENTED
          Large from 1:10 000 to 1:100 000 cities, towns, provinces
          Medium from 1:100 000 to 1:500 000 not very large regions and countries
          Small from 1:500 000 to 1:50 000 000 large countries, continents, world maps

           

          Weblink 6: Understanding scales

           

          1

          Activity 18
          Responde a las siguientes preguntas: (500 palabras máximo cada pregunta)

          2

          Activity 19
          Listen to the questions and choose the correct answer.

          3

          Activity 20
          Responde a las siguientes preguntas: (500 palabras máximo cada pregunta)

          4

          Activity 21
          Responde a las siguientes preguntas: (500 palabras máximo cada pregunta)

          5

          Activity 22
          Classify these maps as small, medium or large scale.

          6

          Activity 23
          Fill in the blank spaces with the correct answer.

          7

          Activity 24
          Fill in the blank spaces with the correct answer.

          8

          Activity 25
          Responde a las siguientes preguntas: (500 palabras máximo cada pregunta)

          9

          Activity 26
          Responde a las siguientes preguntas: (500 palabras máximo cada pregunta)

           
          The representation of the Earth
          Planet Earth and its representation
          Without background sound
          Logo

          Activity 18

          P
          Responde a las siguientes preguntas: (500 palabras máximo cada pregunta)
          Copy and complete the table in your notebook. Describe the meridians and parallels for each type of projection map.
            Meridians Parallels
          Cylindrical
          Conical
          Planar or flat
           

            1 attempt
          Done
          The representation of the Earth
          Planet Earth and its representation
          Without background sound
          Logo

          Activity 19

          Listen to the questions and choose the correct answer.

           

           

           

          t2-multimedia
          The representation of the Earth
          Planet Earth and its representation
          Without background sound
          Logo

           

          0/1
          1) What's the best type of projection to represent the entire world?
          • The conical projection

          • Correct answer
            Wrong answer
          • The cylindrical projection

          • Correct answer
            Wrong answer
          • The planar projection

          • Correct answer
            Wrong answer

            3 attempts
          Done
          The representation of the Earth
          Planet Earth and its representation
          Without background sound
          Logo

           

          0/1
          2) Is there a type of map projection that shows medium latitudes better? 
          • Yes, the conical projection.

          • Correct answer
            Wrong answer
          • No, there's no difference between them.

          • Correct answer
            Wrong answer
          • Yes, the planar projection.

          • Correct answer
            Wrong answer

            3 attempts
          Done
          The representation of the Earth
          Planet Earth and its representation
          Without background sound
          Logo

          Activity 20

          P
          Responde a las siguientes preguntas: (500 palabras máximo cada pregunta)

          What is a cartographer?

            Find out about a famous cartographer. What are the main questions to answer?
            Write about the cartographer here.
                   

            1 attempt
          Done
          The representation of the Earth
          Planet Earth and its representation
          Without background sound
          Logo

          Activity 21

          P
          Responde a las siguientes preguntas: (500 palabras máximo cada pregunta)
          Look at the maps. Which is the physical map (the first or the second one?)
          and which is the political map? 
            Then write five different characteristics for each map.   The physical map:
          The political map
           
          image
          image
               
          t6-multimedia

            1 attempt
          Done
          The representation of the Earth
          Planet Earth and its representation
          Without background sound
          Logo

          Activity 22

          0/3
          Classify these maps as small, medium or large scale.

          A map of Cuenca with a scale of 1: 50 000. 

          A map of Spain with a scale of 1:1 000 000.

          A map of Extremadura with a scale of 1:200 000.

            medium large small

            3 attempts
          Done
          The representation of the Earth
          Planet Earth and its representation
          Without background sound
          Logo

          Activity 23

          0/1
          Fill in the blank spaces with the correct answer.

          If a map has a scale of 1: 100 000 and the distance between two towns is 10 cm, what is their real distance?

            10 km

            3 attempts
          Done
          The representation of the Earth
          Planet Earth and its representation
          Without background sound
          Logo

          Activity 24

          0/7
          Fill in the blank spaces with the correct answer.

          Look at the Madrid street plan. How many different numerical scales does it have? 

           

          ​ .

          With a ruler, and using a straight measurement, find the distance in cm between the Museo del Prado and The Reina Sofía museum.

           

          ​ .

           

          Calculate the real distance and write it here.  

          ​ .

           

           

          Which scale did you use to calculate the real distance?

           

           

            1l 571 m 8 cm, more or less Two
          t9-multimedia

            3 attempts
          Done
          The representation of the Earth
          Planet Earth and its representation
          Without background sound
          Logo

          Activity 25

          P
          Responde a las siguientes preguntas: (500 palabras máximo cada pregunta)
          Find the peaks and name them. Give their heights. 
          Find the distance on the map between Alto del Telégrafo y el Alto de las Guarramillas.
          If the map's scale is 1: 1 500, what's the real distance  between Alto del Telégrafo y el Alto de las Guarramillas.
          What's the real distance between these two high places?
           
          Topographic map of the Sierra de Guadarrama
          Topographic map of the Sierra de Guadarrama

            1 attempt
          Done
          The representation of the Earth
          Planet Earth and its representation
          Without background sound
          Logo

          Activity 26

          P
          Responde a las siguientes preguntas: (500 palabras máximo cada pregunta)
          Look at the map of Europe. Measure, then calculate the real distance between: Madrid and Paris 
          Paris and Kiev
             
          Map of Europe
          Map of Europe

            1 attempt
          Done