The origins and development of industry

Industry is concerned with the transformation of raw materials into manufactured goods. It is the most important economic activity of the secondary sector.

Humans have made tools and instruments since Prehistory, but modern industry requires certain conditions:

Machines and energy are used in the manufacturing process.
Work is carried out in factories, which employ large numbers of people.
Large quantities of goods are produced.

Industry is linked to development, and industrialisation promotes economic growth. The richest and most developed countries have a well-established industrial network.

Think

For many centuries, people lived in rural areas and worked on the land. Families made the objects they needed at home (domestic production) or had them made in workshops (artisanal production), where a single worker made the entire product.

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Industrial production began in England in the late 18^th century. It was based on:

Technical innovation

There were new inventions like the steam engine, spinning and weaving machines.
These carried out part of the manufacturing process which, until then, had been done manually using coal-based energy.

Division of labour

Production was divided into multiple tasks carried out by workers who were responsible for a particular phase of the process. This saved time and increased productivity.

Large-scale production

The manufacture of many products pushed selling prices down and promoted international trade.

Think and discuss

What differences and similarities can you identify between the industrial process in the photo and in present times? Was this type of work common for women? Why or why not?

Industrialisation changed society and the economy. Large numbers of people moved from rural areas to work in factories, and cities grew quickly. The changes were so great that the period became known as the Industrial Revolution.

In this first phase, industrialisation spread from England to a few other European countries, like France, Germany and Belgium.

Watch it! Search for this video:

The Industrial Revolution | BBC Documentary.

A new stage of industrialisation began in the late 19th century: the Second Industrial Revolution.

Under Fordism, productivity increased enormously. This was the beginning of an era of mass consumption.

Production costs were reduced.
Products were made available to many more people.

What is Fordism?

Mass production emerged in the USA at this time. It became known as Fordism because it was developed on the moving assembly lines of the Ford automobile factory.
Visit this website to know more about the history of Fordism.

The USA, Western Europe and Japan led this new revolution. A huge economic gap developed between the industrialised countries and other parts of the world – most of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Research and discuss

What type of industries are there in your local area? Classify them and share in class. Do you know anyone who works in these industries? What do you think the conditions are like?

Industries are classified according to two criteria: degree of innovation and technological development, and destination of products.

Click on the true sentences.

Classify.

Basic

Capital goods

Consumer goods

Listen and match.

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1.
2.
3.

Think and discuss

Compare the effects of the Industrial Revolution on wealthy people in wealthy countries and people in poverty in both wealthy and poor countries.

‘If you go back to 1800, everybody was poor. I mean everybody. The Industrial Revolution kicked in, and a lot of countries benefited, but by no means everyone.’

Bill Gates

Watch it. Search for this video:

World Economic Forum | Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution Network.

Summary. The origins and development of industry

Match.

: industry that transforms raw materials into semi-finished products.

: industry that uses the semi-finished products of the basic industries to make products for other industries.

: industry that manufactures products that can be bought directly from shops.

: textiles, iron and steel, and shipbuilding.

: biotechnology, microelectronics, telecommunications and robotics are areas which require large research and development expenditure.

: period of great changes in the process of manufacturing products.

: the transformation of raw materials into manufactured goods.

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What is industry?

Industry: development and economic growth

When did industry begin?

The three factors on which industrial production was based

There were new inventions like the steam engine, spinning and weaving machines.
These carried out part of the manufacturing process which, until then, had been done manually using coal-based energy.

Production was divided into multiple tasks carried out by workers who were responsible for a particular phase of the process. This saved time and increased productivity.

The manufacture of many products pushed selling prices down and promoted international trade.

A period of great changes...

When did the second stage of industrialisation occur?

Mass production emerged in the USA at this time. It became known as Fordism because it was developed on the moving assembly lines of the Ford automobile factory.
Visit this website to know more about the history of Fordism.

Types of industry: by degree of innovation and technological development

Types of industry: by destination of products

Let's test. The Industrial Revolution

Click on the true sentences.

Let's test. Destination of products

Classify.

Let's test. Destination of products

Listen and match.

Not everyone benefited equally

‘If you go back to 1800, everybody was poor. I mean everybody. The Industrial Revolution kicked in, and a lot of countries benefited, but by no means everyone.’

Bill Gates

Now I know

ASSESSMENT – The origins and development of industry

Match.

How can we help you?

Couldn't find what you were looking for?

Please describe the issue you are experiencing and provide as many details as possible. Let us know the book, class, access device, licence code, username, used browser or if it occcurs in our app:

What is industry?

Industry: development and economic growth

When did industry begin?

The three factors on which industrial production was based

There were new inventions like the steam engine, spinning and weaving machines. These carried out part of the manufacturing process which, until then, had been done manually using coal-based energy.

Production was divided into multiple tasks carried out by workers who were responsible for a particular phase of the process. This saved time and increased productivity.

The manufacture of many products pushed selling prices down and promoted international trade.

A period of great changes...

When did the second stage of industrialisation occur?

Mass production emerged in the USA at this time. It became known as Fordism because it was developed on the moving assembly lines of the Ford automobile factory. Visit this website to know more about the history of Fordism.

Types of industry: by degree of innovation and technological development

Types of industry: by destination of products

Let's test. The Industrial Revolution

Click on the true sentences.

Let's test. Destination of products

Classify.

Let's test. Destination of products

Listen and match.

Not everyone benefited equally

‘If you go back to 1800, everybody was poor. I mean everybody. The Industrial Revolution kicked in, and a lot of countries benefited, but by no means everyone.’

Bill Gates

Now I know

ASSESSMENT – The origins and development of industry

Match.

There were new inventions like the steam engine, spinning and weaving machines.
These carried out part of the manufacturing process which, until then, had been done manually using coal-based energy.

Mass production emerged in the USA at this time. It became known as Fordism because it was developed on the moving assembly lines of the Ford automobile factory.
Visit this website to know more about the history of Fordism.