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2. Designing, building and evaluating

Once we have done our analysis, and depending on the conditioning factors of each problem, we can propose different solutions.

We then need to select the best solution for our needs. We must be objective when we choose our solution by checking whether the product meets our requirements, whether it is easy to build and whether the materials that we need are affordable and easy to find.

Design

The design stage is especially important because this is when we define all the features of the solution: not only its form and appearance but also the cost of its production and the distribution of tasks to build it.

To complete this process, we need a series of technical documents. These are:

Drawings
Drawings show how the object we are going to build will look. Usually, there will be one general drawing of the object and other drawings of its different parts or sections. Perspectives and views are often used and the necessary measurements and details are added to the drawings.

List of materials and tools
Once we have designed our solution, it is very important to list all the materials that we will need to build it. Take your time and plan properly. Sometimes a material we need may not be available and we have to order it. This can delay the construction of the prototype.
Your list of materials should not be a vague list; it should contain each element that we need and the correct amounts of each one. Instead of ordering “lamps”, we should order “three 3 V lamps”. If our list of materials is accurate, our planning will be more effective.
Budget
The budget is the document that we use to evaluate the financial cost of our solution. In the workshop, the materials that we use are not very expensive; however, in companies, the budget is crucial for deciding whether or not to build a prototype.
Spreadsheets are very useful for creating budgets. In them, we must include the real cost of all of the components and all applicable taxes.
When you create the budget for building your prototype, you will probably be surprised by the total cost.

Building

drawings
The drawings, the list of materials and tools, and the budget are all included in the initial planning for developing the prototype. Once we have all these, we can start the building activities.
We should monitor the construction process every day to stick to our deadlines and to detect any faults in the planning. We use a process sheet for this.
Process sheet
We use this document to record the progress of the stages of our work each day. We describe the completed tasks and the names of the people in charge of them (distribution of tasks), the difficulties we encountered and any changes or modifications that we had to make. We can also create a construction log.

As construction progresses, the changes that we make and our final product will be different from what we initially planned. Ideally, the differences will only be minor, in which case our initial design was correct.

Evaluation

Once we have built the prototype, we must test it to check that it satisfies the initial conditioning factors and that it works how we expected. We also evaluate the production process and the planning by reflecting on how we could improve the design and by gathering impressions from the potential users of the product. We put all of these evaluations in the project report.

Report
This document includes all of the above documents and the following:
- Description of the prototype.
- List of modifications made.
- Final drawing of the solution.
- Total cost of the project, with modifications, and the number of hours spent on it. (To create a budget that is as real as possible, ask your teacher what the cost of labour is. This value will be the cost of each hour spent on the project).
- Environmental impact of the solution created. You will need to get used to assessing the environmental impact of your activities: whether the materials you used are recyclable, whether the solution is permanent or temporary, etc.
- Your own thoughts about how the work went.

List of materials

1 motor
A 12-connection clamp
A 3 V lamp bulb
...

KEYWORDS

Make sure you understand these words before moving on!

Drawing: document illustrating the visual appearance of the object that we are going to build.

Budget: document that we use to evaluate the financial cost of the solution intended to meet a need.

Process sheet: document that reflects the daily progress of the building process.

Report: document that includes all of the project documents.

EXERCISES

Create a table with your planning for an afternoon of study. Divide the time into 45-minute sessions and study at least three subjects. Make a note of any deviations from your planning that occur during the afternoon. Write down which subject they affected and the reason for each deviation.

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3. In the workshop

The work of a technologist should use the project approach and a type of group work where all the necessary tasks are shared out and the functions are distributed among the different members of the group.

Organising work in the workshop

In the workshop, we share out tasks among the members of our group by allocating roles and duties. Depending on how many people are in the group, an individual may have one or more roles. These can be:

Coordinator: coordinates the work of the group by sharing out tasks and mak-ing sure that nobody is left with nothing to do.
Secretary: keeps the project documents (mainly sketches and drawings) safe and writes down the tasks that are completed each day and who did them.

Tools Manager: uses a daily checklist to make sure that all the group's tools are present at the start and end of class. The names of any missing or damaged tools are recorded on this list.

Materials Manager: writes down which materials are needed to start the project and makes sure that they are available in the correct quantities. The Materials Manager also puts the project away at the end of the class.

Cleaning Manager: makes sure that everything is clean and tidy and in correct working order. The Cleaning Manager writes down who tidies up each day on the cleaning rota.

Rules of safety in the workshop

By its very nature, the workshop is a place where potentially dangerous tools and materials are used. Therefore, we must always follow basic rules of safety.

Always keep the workshop tidy by cleaning and sweeping up when your workstation is untidy.

Always use a brush to clean shavings off your table. Never blow them off or wipe them away with your hand. You could hurt yourself.

Keep your workstation tidy. Do not leave tools lying around if you are not using them.

Use tools properly. Each tool is designed for a specific purpose. Always hand tools to your classmates.

Do not eat or drink in the workshop.

Tie long hair back and keep scarves out of the way because they could get caught and cause accidents.

Do not interrupt classmates or walk in front of them while they are cutting something.

Always try to economise on material.

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4. Object analysis

Sometimes, we can find the solution to a problem in everyday objects; by analysing and modifying these objects, we can create new ones to suit our needs better. We can analyse objects from every possible point of view:

Morphological analysis
We analyse the shape of the object, its size, colour and basic physical characteristics. For this, we use drawings of the complete object and exploded views of its parts.
Sometimes, we also study its ergonomic characteristics to evaluate how suitable it is for humans.
Functional analysis
We study how the object works, its utility, how it is used and the potential risks of its use. In more complicated objects, we also analyse the function of each part of the object.
Technical analysis
We evaluate how the object was made. This analysis includes the study of its materials, the technology used to make it, how its parts are joined together and the environmental risks of the materials used.
Economic analysis
We analyse the financial cost of manufacturing the product and its selling price. We study whether the materials and manufacturing procedures used are cheap or whether they make the product more expensive. We determine whether the selling price of the object is correct by comparing it to similar objects.
Social analysis
We study the object from the point of view of its social impact and analyse the human needs that it meets. We also evaluate its environmental impact and recyclability.
Aesthetic analysis
We evaluate how our senses react to the object, its appearance, whether it looks nice or not, whether we find it attractive, etc. This analysis is very important for some objects because the appearance of the product could motivate a potential buyer to purchase it.
Historical analysis
We evaluate the possible reasons why the object emerged and its historical development. We also analyse its possible future development.

EXERCISES

Look closely at the two corkscrews in the margin. They are both used for the same purpose, but they are different. Do a written analysis of each one. Make sure that you cover all the aspects we have seen in this section.

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5. Distribution and commercial promotion

In the workshop, the process of technology problem solving ends with the construction of the prototype. In real life, however, the product must then be promoted so that we can distribute it and ensure that it reaches the whole of society.

Price

Price is a crucial element in the sale of a product. It is related to production costs but it is also part of the business strategy of the company.

When we set a price, we consider the profit margin that we want to obtain over production costs, the prices of similar products offered by the competition and the sensitivity of the consumer to increases or decreases in product demand.

Sometimes, a low price can encourage consumers to buy a product; for example, when a mobile network operator introduces a new tariff its price will usually be very competitive. However, if the price is too low, we run the risk that potential customers could associate our product with poor quality; this happens when a new clothing brand is launched, for example.

Distribution

When a company distributes a product, it decides which channels it will use to reach the end user. The most common distribution channels are:

Wholesale: the product is supplied to retailers and large consumers.

Retail sale: the product is offered directly to the end user.

Online sale: the product is distributed through websites.

Promotion

The most common types of promotion are advertising campaigns on television, in the newspapers and on digital media. These campaigns target potential consumers and show them the products in an attractive way so that they will want to buy them.

Sometimes, promotional activities can create a non-existent need in the end user, i.e. a need that did not exist before. This is the case with mobile phones, for example: in the early days, telephone companies used to give mobile telephones to users free of charge because there were not many users; nowadays, users have to purchase their telephones, often at very high prices.

By contrast, staple products (for example, bread and milk) do not need any promotion. Their users need them and will buy them regardless of any promotional activity. The price of these products is generally stable.

KEYWORDS

Make sure you understand these words before moving on!

Distribution channel: any of the different channels that allow a product to reach the end user.
Wholesale: a type of sale where the product is supplied to retailers and large consumers.
Retail sale: a type of sale where the product is supplied directly to the end user.
Staple product: any product that is necessary for the buyer, who will purchase it regardless of its price or any promotion.

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6. Technological products. Obsolescence. Influence on society

Very often, technology's answer to the problems of today's society does not require us to create a brand new product; instead, we can simply adapt an existing product to the new conditions. One example is the car, which has been developed dramatically over the last one hundred years. Among other things, engines have become more efficient and innovative devices have been added to improve safety (e.g. airbags, seat belts and cruise control).

These modifications, called innovations, have helped to improve many everyday products. However, this has also caused their rapid obsolescence. When we use the word obsolescence we mean that some products have fallen into disuse because they do not have the functionality of the new technologies appearing on the market. For example, very few people use mobiles with a keypad nowadays; most people use a touchscreen phone or smartphone.

Most of the time, the reasons for product obsolescence are financial. To increase their profits, retailers expressly engineer their products so that they have to be renewed after a certain time. This is called planned obsolescence: the products stop working after a time, not because they are damaged but because they have been designed to stop working properly after that period. This type of behaviour is considered unethical and it can have the opposite effect to what the retailers expected: consumers may decide to purchase the products of a different brand instead.

The constant renewal of products to include innovations or because of obsolescence has a huge impact on society:

Positive influence of technological development in society

Technological products have contributed to the development of society in many ways: we can now be independent of weather conditions; we are able to settle in one place; all members of society can communicate with each other, and our life expectancy has increased considerably.

Negative influence of technological development in society

Technological development has increased the use of fossil fuels, which has caused the deterioration of our environment, traffic jams because of the overuse of vehicles, health problems related to our environment, etc.

Product obsolescence generates a build-up of waste. This waste is not generally biodegradable and it is highly polluting, which also causes environmental problems.

Despite this pressure to renew our products frequently, we must be critical and act responsibly. We all play a part in keeping our living conditions sustainable.

EXERCISES

The printing press is one of the most important inventions in the history of humankind. It transformed society by allowing thoughts to be preserved and disseminated in writing. Search for information about the municipal printing house of Madrid. In your notebook, write down the year that it was set up, the body that it was linked to and what its function was.

KEYWORDS

Make sure you understand these words before moving on!

Innovation: upgrading of a product to improve it in some way or add new functionalities.

Obsolescence: when a product falls into disuse because it does not have the functionality of the new technologies emerging on the market.

1Technology problem solving

In the computer room

Practical 1. Searching for information. Internet

You can do Practical 1 by following the book or by listening to the instructions.

From time to time, when we need to research the solution to a problem, we have to do an online search. However, when we type a certain word into a search engine, it sometimes returns thousands or even millions of hits. To find what we want more easily, we must be more selective in our searching.

Exercise 1. Searching with options

Our first suggestion for you is to enter a string of words instead of just one word. This will make your search more specific. In this exercise, we will search for information about promoting products.

Go to www.google.com.
Type the word “promotion and press Intro. You will see almost 960 million results listed.Now click on the search settings icon in the toolbar (Figure 1) and select Advanced search.
A new window will open. In the all these words box, type “product promotion (without quotation marks). Then, in language, select English; and in terms appearing, select in the title of the page (Figure 2).
Click on Advanced search. Now your search has been reduced to about 110,000 results. Choose the result at http://businesscasestudies.co.uk.
With pages like this one that have a lot of text, when we want to find a specific word or phrase we can do a text search on the page.
Open the search box by pressing the key combination Ctrl + F.
A small text box will appear where we can enter the text we want to search for. Type “mix” and press Intro (Figure 4). On the screen, you will see the place where the word mix appears for the first time. You will also see that the word is highlighted every time it appears in the text. If it is not highlighted every time, press the Highlight all option.
You can scroll to the next time that the word appears by clicking on the arrow keys or using the Next button.
In your notebook, write down how many times the words mix, promotion and channel appear.

Exercise 2. Tips for improving your searches

Do any search and then refine it using the advanced search. These suggestions may help you:

Search for exact expressions, delete words that do not contribute anything and check your spelling. Be careful to use the correct letter case: online searches are case-sensitive.
Check the reliability of your source. Do not believe everything that you see on the Internet. There is a lot of inaccurate information out there.

Fig. 4

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In the computer room

Practical 2. Planning. Gantt Charts

In this exercise, we will use Gantt charts to improve our project planning. Gantt charts illustrate a schedule that shows us which tasks we need to perform and the person responsible for each one.

Open a browser and go to www.gantter.com. Click on Start now. The program will ask you to register or sign in with your Gmail account.
After you have identified yourself, a new screen will appear. There are four tabs on the left: Tareas, Recursos, Calendarios and Risks (Figure 5).
Click on the Sin título section to open a new window. Enter P2_namesurname as the project name and set the start date to 01/12/2015 (Figure 6). Click on Guardar.
Now enter the name of each task (see Figure 7).
Move the calendar part on the right so that you can see the Duración, Inicio and Fin sections.
In the Duración field, enter the days that will be spent on each task (use Figure 7 for this).
In the Recursos tab, type the names of the members of the group, as shown in Figure 8.
In the Tasks tab, position the cursor on the first task and click on the properties icon of the toolbar (Propiedades tarea, Figure 9). A tab will appear for each task. In the Recursos tab, select the members of the group who will do this task. In the Colores tab, assign a colour to the task for the diagram. Then click on Guardar. Follow the same steps for all the required tasks.
Now let's relate the tasks to one another, indicating that each one will begin when the previous task has been completed. To do this, position the cursor on the second task and click on the Propiedades tarea icon. In the window that appears, select the Predecesoras field. Check task 1 and then in Dependencia, choose Fin-a-Inicio (Figure 10). Click on Guardar. This tells the program to start task 2 when task 1 is finished. Follow the same steps for the other tasks, linking task 3 to task 2, task 4 to task 3, and so on.
Lastly, go to the Calendarios tab and click on the calendar called Estándar. Click on the Propiedades tarea icon. Edit the name of the calendar and type “My project calendar. Click on the date 08/12/2015 and select Borrar. When you do this, the program will consider this day a public holiday and your planning will take it into account. Click on Guardar.
Go to the toolbar and click on the Imprimir icon. A PDF document will be created that you can save in your folder. Save the project on your computer with the name Unit01_P2_namesurname.pdf.
The final chart should look like the one in Figure 11:

Fig. 5

Fig. 8

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In the computer room

Practical 3. Preparing the report documents

Spreadsheet applications are used to make mathematical operations, work with numerical data, do complex calculations with formulae and functions, and create graphs.

The files in a spreadsheet are called workbooks and contain sheets (hojas in Spanish). By default, these sheets are called Hoja1, Hoja2, Hoja3..., and so on up to 255. Each spreadsheet is divided into rows and columns. Every row is numbered and every column is given a letter. A cell is the box that is created when a row and a column intersect; for example, cell B6 is formed by the intersection of column B and row 6 (Figure 12).

In this practical, we are going to use a spreadsheet to create the budget, task distribution sheet and project monitoring documents. We are going to use the Microsoft Office Excel spreadsheet application, but you can do the practical in the same way with LibreOffice Calc.

Exercise 1. Creating the budget

Open a new workbook. Click on the Hoja1 tab. Double-click on its name and call it Budget (Figure 13).

In cells A1 to D1, enter the titles shown in the table in Figure 14. Adjust the cells to the length of the titles by double-clicking on one of the lines that separate two columns. Then enter the rest of the data from the table.

Select all of the items in column C by clicking on the letter C. Then right-click and select Formato de celdas. Under the Número tab, choose the Moneda category and click on Aceptar. Now all the costs appear with the € symbol.

Let's calculate the cost of the items in the budget. Go to cell D2 and enter the formula =B2*C2 (Figure 15). Press Intro.

We will use the fill handle to enter the other formulas. Click on cell D2. You will notice a small black square in the lower right corner of the cell (see Figure 16). Click on the square (fill handle) and drag it to cell D11. Excel will copy the formula to all the cells and automatically give you the cost of all the items in the budget.

Lastly, we need to add up the total costs. To do this, type “Total cost of project in cell A13. Select A13, B13 and C13 and merge the cells.

In cell D13, type the formula =suma(D2:D11). Press Intro. Figure 17 shows how the table should look.

Exercise 2. Improving the budget table

With spreadsheets, we can format the tables that we create. Let's do this with our budget. Firstly, select all the data, right-click and select Formato de celdas. Go to the Borde tab and apply an outline border with a double line to the whole spreadsheet.

Now select the titles of the table. Right-click and select Formato de celdas. In Relleno, choose a colour for the titles and press Aceptar.

Lastly, align the text “Total cost of project” to the right and put it in bold. Fig-ure 18 shows how the table should look.

Exercise 3. Creating a process sheet

Double-click on the Hoja2 tab and name it Process sheet.

Enter the data you see in Figure 19:

To copy the format shown in this figure, select the range of cells A1:F1. Right-click, select Formato de celdas and under the Alineación tab, choose Combinar celdas (Figure 20). Repeat this step with cells A2:F2 and A3:F3.

Set the font sizes and formats, the background colour and the borders to create a process sheet like the one in the image.

Exercise 4. Creating the task distribution document

Click on the Hoja3 tab and name it Task distribution.

Enter the data in Figure 21. Set the font formats and the background colour so that your task distribution sheet looks like the one in the figure.

Run the spellchecker on all the sheets.

Save the workbook with the name Unit01_P3_namesurname.

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Review

Unit summary

Technology meets society's needs by combining scientific and technical knowledge in order to create new products or improve existing ones.
To do this, we follow an orderly work method based on three main ideas (analyse, build and evaluate) called the project approach.
Very often, when we analyse a problem and its possible solutions, we need to evaluate similar technological products. We analyse objects from the morphological, functional, technical, economic, social, aesthetic and historical points of view.
When we design, build and evaluate our proposed solution, we create documents to adapt the construction process to the required planning and adapt the solution to any deviations.
The documents produced during the construction of the product are contained in the project report. This report usually includes: drawings; the list of materials and tools; the budget; the process sheet; the distribution of tasks; a description of the prototype; modifications; the final drawing of the solution; the total cost of the project; the environmental impact of the solution, and our own thoughts about the work.
Technological products are distributed through different sales channels (wholesale, retail, franchising, etc.).
Through product promotion, buyers can access the products they require or become interested in new ones.
All technological products influence society, sometimes positively and other times negatively. We must be aware of this influence and evaluate the footprint that overconsumption can leave on the environment and our living conditions.
When we use the word obsolescence we mean that some products have fallen into disuse because they lack the functionality of the new technologies that have appeared on the market.

Express yourself!

At the end of the book, on page 168 you will find the definitions of the keywords with examples of how to use them. You can also expand your vocabulary and learn new idiomatic expressions and language structures related to this topic.

KEYWORDS

analyse	drawing	process sheet	wholesale
budget	evaluate	report
build	innovation	retail sale
distribution channel	obsolescence	staple product

1Technology problem solving

In the computer room

The Technologist's Corner. Lapbook on the invention of the printing press

A very interesting way of presenting information is by making a lapbook. A lapbook is a sort of fold-out book that contains all the useful information about a given topic.

In this activity, we will make a lapbook on one of the most interesting inventions ever: the printing press.

The first thing you will need is a cardboard folder like the one in Photo 1.
Fold the edges of the folder together so that they meet in the middle (Photo 2).
When you open the lapbook, the area you see is where all the information will go (Photo 3).
If you need more space, you can extend your lapbook by adding another folder: just fold it in the same way and add it to one of the sides of the first folder (Pho-to 4).
The closed lapbook should look like the one in Photo 5.

Once you have created your lapbook, you need to think about what you are going to put in it and how to arrange the information. Your book should at least include:

In the main part, information on the first printing press ever used. You can include historical data on its invention and early use, and an image or two.

Information sheets on how the product works. You can do these on coloured paper or scrap card that you can protect with clear plastic folder pockets.

Envelopes to hold the completed fact sheets. You can make these out of coloured paper and stick them to the sides of the book.

Analysis of the history of the printing press. Make a miniature folding book to include the information you analyse. We suggest that you include digital printing and offset printing. Study them and then make a fact sheet for each one, including the answer to these questions:
- What is it used for?
- How does it work?
- What advantages does it have?

Use scrap card to make this mini book. You can use the layout below as a guide:

	What is it used for?
	How does it work?
	What advantages does it have?

Fold the card along the thick line and cut along the dotted lines. You can then staple the completed fact sheets inside.

Information on Johannes Gutenberg. Add Gutenberg's biography to the other side of the lapbook. Either put it in an envelope or make a mini book out of it.

Materials:
A cardboard folder
Scraps of card
Clear plastic folder pockets
Coloured paper

Two examples of lapbooks.

Challenges

Challenge 1. Create a lapbook to promote a fictitious product that you want to sell. Include information about how to use it and its utility, the selling price, discount vouchers, samples, etc. Mention any other sales activity that you think could help you to sell more of the product.

1Technology problem solving

Activities

COMPREHENSION ACTIVITIES

When you have completed the topic, do the following exercises in your notebook:

What is technology?

In your notebook, write out the stages of the project approach and briefly explain what each one includes.

Plan a week's holiday at the beach with your family. Make an ordered list of the ten tasks that you think are most important.

Compare the fountain pen and the ballpoint pen – two objects designed for the same function – from every possible point of view.

Compare a non-touchscreen phone and a touchscreen phone, analysing them from the functional, economic and social points of view.

Name two objects that are used for the same function but are different from economical and functional points of view.

Compare two objects used to cut down trees, the axe and the chainsaw, from all possible points of view.

Name an object that you bought because of a promotional campaign. What made you buy it?

Name an object that you bought without a promotion.

List three objects that you bought because of perceived obsolescence. What made you buy them?

You will now hear some of the keywords from page 24. Write them down and then check to see whether you have spelled them correctly.

1 attempt

Get into pairs and explain to your partner what the three stages of the project approach (analyse, build and evaluate) involve.

Write a critical assessment of the concept of technological obsolescence and its impact on society today.

EXTEND YOUR KNOWLEDGE

The wheel was an invention that changed society. Do a search for information about how it emerged and the consequences it had on the progress of society at the time. Summarise the information in fifteen lines in your notebook.

Think of five technological objects that you use before coming to class every morning and write them down in your notebook. Indicate whether they are inventions or innovations.

1 attempt

Search for information about the objects in the previous exercise and, in your notebook, write down who invented them and when.

Using the project approach, find a solution for storing USB memories and carrying them around together easily.

1 attempt

Using the project approach, find a solution for protecting the screen of your smartphone in case it is dropped.

1 attempt

Think of five improvements that have been made to the objects below since their invention. Write them down in your notebook.

Telephone

Car

Radio

1 attempt

Name three products that are only sold wholesale. How are they distributed to retail shops?

In your notebook, write down five products that are considered staple products. Why do you think this is?

Compose five sentences about the project approach and technological products using the following expressions: “to do an online search for...”, “to collate information on...”, “to distribute/share out tasks among our classmates/group members”, “to plan a project using a Gantt chart and “to analyse an object from the point of view of...”. Practise them in pairs.

Get into small groups and think of different situations where you could use these expressions: “a softly, softly approach”, “to build one's hopes on something and “at all costs”.

Write a short explanation of the difference between an innovation and an invention.

1Technology problem solving

In the computer room

MULTIMEDIA ACTIVITIES

1. Technology problem solving test

Open exercise Unit01 01 Unit test in Unit 1 of the virtual CD and test your knowledge. There is only one correct answer to each question. Keep repeating the test until you score at least 80%.

2. Vocabulary

Open exercise Unit01 02 Vocabulary in Unit 1 of the virtual CD. This exercise contains important words from this unit and their meanings.

Match them up correctly. Keep repeating the exercise until you have matched them all up correctly.

3. True or false?

Open exercise Unit01 03 True or false? in Unit 1 of the virtual CD.

Indicate whether the statements are true or false. Keep repeating the test until you score at least 80%.

4. Project report

Open exercise Unit01 04 Project report in Unit 1 of the virtual CD.

Match up the name of each document in the project report with its explanation. Keep repeating the exercise until you have matched them all up correctly.

5. Object analysis

Open exercise Unit01 05 Object analysis in Unit 1 of the virtual CD.

Match up each type of object analysis with its definition. Keep repeating the exercise until you have matched them all up correctly.

ONLINE ACTIVITIES

1. Accidental inventions

Do an online search for information about these inventions that were discovered by accident: Plasticine, Teflon and saccharin.
Start your word processor and create a new blank document.
In this document, write a brief summary of how these three things were discovered and what the inventor was looking for.
Save the file with the name Unit01_Internet1_namesurname.

2. Penicillin

Another great unintentional discovery was penicillin, an antibiotic that is used all over the world.

Do an online search for the following information and type it out in a text document:

How was penicillin discovered?
Who discovered it? In what year?
Did the discoverer patent the discovery of penicillin?

Save the file with the name Unit01_Internet2_namesurname.

3. Hidden heroes

Go to www.hidden-heroes.net and select English. Each coloured line corresponds to an invention. Select four lines and click on Enter exhibition. Read the information about each of the inventions that you selected.
Start your word processor and create a new blank document.
In the document, write a short summary of what you have read. For each invention, write down when it was invented, the name of the inventor and one special feature of the invention.
Save the file with the name Unit01_Internet3_namesurname.

4. Fair trade

Very often, the distribution of products around the world has created growing inequalities between the First World and developing countries.

To find out what fair trade is go to http://comerciojusto.org.
Start your word processor and create a new blank document.
In the document, write a short summary that answers these questions:

What is the Coordinadora Estatal de Comercio Justo?
What is fair trade?
How do we know if a product has been fairly traded?

Save the file with the name Unit01_Internet4_namesurname.

Useful addresses

www.technologyreview.com The MIT Technology Review is the oldest technology journal in the world and a leading global authority on the future of technology.
www.sciencemuseum.org.uk Website of the London Science Museum.
www2.epa.gov/recycle Website of the United States Environmental Protection Agency, with information about recycling.

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Couldn't find what you were looking for?

Please describe the issue you are experiencing and provide as many details as possible. Let us know the book, class, access device, licence code, username, used browser or if it occcurs in our app:

Read and listen to the text on the previous page and then answer these questions in your notebook:

Find out what you already know by answering these questions in your notebook:

Stages of the project approach

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2. Designing, building and evaluating

Design

Building

Evaluation

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3. In the workshop

Organising work in the workshop

Rules of safety in the workshop

1Technology problem solving

Learn

4. Object analysis

1Technology problem solving

Learn

5. Distribution and commercial promotion

Price

Distribution

Promotion

1Technology problem solving

Learn

6. Technological products. Obsolescence. Influence on society

1Technology problem solving

In the computer room

Practical 1. Searching for information. Internet

1Technology problem solving

In the computer room

Practical 2. Planning. Gantt Charts

1Technology problem solving

In the computer room

Practical 3. Preparing the report documents

1Technology problem solving

Review

Unit summary

Express yourself!

1Technology problem solving

In the computer room

The Technologist's Corner. Lapbook on the invention of the printing press

1Technology problem solving

Activities

COMPREHENSION ACTIVITIES

EXTEND YOUR KNOWLEDGE

1Technology problem solving

In the computer room

MULTIMEDIA ACTIVITIES

1. Technology problem solving test

2. Vocabulary

3. True or false?

4. Project report

5. Object analysis

ONLINE ACTIVITIES

1. Accidental inventions

2. Penicillin

3. Hidden heroes

4. Fair trade

Useful addresses